Marcus Garvey s Universal Negro Improvement Association...

African-Americans attempted to establish themselves and prove to whites that they were capable citizens. Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association emphasized racial pride and economic self-help, and Booker T. Washington, leading spokesperson for the plight of African-Americans, told blacks to ignore racial slurs and inferiority comments while working to build self-dignity and worth. Washington believed that in order to identify themselves, they had to cooperate with whites and gain respect over time. In Addition, many African-Americans began to define themselves as a race in the nineteenth century by leaving white churches and creating their own. They worshiped according to their own customs, chose leaders, managed religious affairs, and established a lifestyle of their own. The African-Americans as a race attempted to define themselves as dignified, economically independent citizens. Colored women also began to define themselves and establish an identity. They m ade speeches, advocated rights, established organizations, and even made their way into the world of business in American society. Mary Church Terrell said in her speech in Washington D.C. that fifty years before, no one would have believed that a slave, let alone a woman, would be making a speech in the U.S. Capital and be supported by so many respected people. Fifty years ago, not only were African-Americans not allowed in schools, but most states considered it a crime to teach them to read andShow MoreRelatedWilliam Edward Burghardt. B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey And Malcolm X2370 Words   |  10 Pageslife. Whites have taunted Blacks attempting to belittle their character, squander their self-confidence, and brand them the infamous word â€Å"nigger†. While some carried oppression on their shoulders, a selected few rose above the negativity and began to spread self-love, self-efficiency and the rise of black power. Black became beautiful and the process of dehumanization was being reversed. W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X were a few of the candidates that advocated for the Pan-African movementRead MoreArt or Propaganda? - a comparison between Alain Locke and W.E.B.Dubois5435 Words   |  22 Pagesliterature we should try to loose the tremendous emotional wealth of the Negro and the dramatic strength of his problems through writing ... and other forms of art. We should resurrect forgotten ancient Negro art and history, and we should set the black man before the world as both a creative artist and a strong subject for artistic treatment. DuBois stated what were to be recurrent themes of the decade of the twenties: the Negro as a producer and a subject of art, and the Negros artistic output asRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageswho, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World

John Stuart Mill And Income Inequality - 1721 Words

ECON1401 Written Assignment 1 – John Stuart Mill and Income Inequality Many great economic thinkers throughout history has offered various differing yet interrelated views and ideas that may prove useful to the analysis of current issues in modern economics. A persistent issue in the modern economy is income inequality whereby the distribution of income among the population is unequal. This means that the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time if the issue is not appropriately addressed. In exploring the issue of income inequality in Australia, this essay aims to analyse the issue from the perspective of a selected economic thinker – namely John Stuart Mill – by: (1) providing a summary of Mill’s key ideas and theories, including the different forces that may have shaped his thinking; (2) applying Mill’s conceptual framework to the income inequality problem; and (3) offer solutions he might have suggested to address this problem, including policies that may be adopted and institutions that may be constructed in the Australian context. In order to consider the problem of income inequality from Mill’s perspective, it is of imperative importance to first grasp an understanding of what factors contributed to the development of his key ideas. Known as one of the most influential figures in classical economics, Mill is more commonly described as a philosopher and socialist than an economist due to his obstinate strive for progressive social reform throughout hisShow MoreRelatedMorals, Ethics, And Modern Thinking Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation of income inequality shows a divergence from moral ethics and the consequences are dire. Miriam-Webster defines â€Å"good† as something conforming to the moral order of the universe and â€Å"morality† as a doctrine or a system of moral conduct (Merriam). I will apply the Utilitarian moral theory and the Kantian moral theory to this issue, and show that no matter how you look at it or what theory you subscribe to, good morality is lacking in the a cceptance of the current income inequality that existsRead MoreThroughout History, Economists And Philosophers Have Theorized1533 Words   |  7 Pagespossible. Despite this, many people throughout history have pointed out capitalism’s flaws. John Stuart Mill, a utilitarian, outlines some of his objections to capitalism in â€Å"Principles of Political Economy.† In Mill’s time, the economy was dominated by the factory system, which notoriously exploited laborers for capitalist profit. Because of this, there were revolts against capitalism all over Europe (Mill 2017). One of the systems proposed by opponents of capitalism is communism. In the â€Å"ManifestoRead MoreFood Stamp Cuts: Justified or Unjustified? Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesthose who believe the program cuts were justified. Those who are against the cuts to the Food Stamp Program can argue that under the difference principle, Congress was wrong to reduce funding. The difference principle, created by John Rawls, states that an inequality in a society, such as in power or wealth, is only justified if it benefits the worst off. It is important to note that this principle was created under what Rawls called a â€Å"veil of ignorance†; this is used to ensure that people willRead MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill And John Rawls1804 Words   |  8 Pagesfreedom: John Stuart Mill and John Rawls. Rawls and Mill both strive to convince us, the reader as to what form a society must take in order to maximize its freedom. Mill argues that the only restraints set upon people are those in order to prevent someone from doing direct harm to another1 . Rawls goes one step further, where he solves not only the idea of freedom but also the issue of equality in freedom that is not touched upon by previous philosophers. Although the ideas presented by John RawlsRead MoreEssay on John Rawls: â€Å"Original Position†1137 Words   |  5 Pagesposition (242).† Rawls’ theory is in direct response to John Lock’s principles on social contract which states that people in a free society need to set rules on how to live with one another in peace. Rawls’ principles were designed to guards against injustices, which was inflicted upon society, with the help of John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism principle that individuals should act so as to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number. Mills principle justified Nazi Germanys mistreatment of theRead MoreLimitations Of Liberalism926 Words   |  4 Pagestolerations, while a ‘Perfectionist Liberal’ extends governments role to promoting individuals freedoms to the point of leveling off inequalities from the endowed and encouraging liberal values of reason. A tension between faith and reason is evident in the application of Liberalism on any society. The first theoretical applications of Liberalism were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke’s ideas of social contracts. Hobbes claimed that because of man’s self-interested nature, power should be forfeited to anRead MoreThe Case Of Mandatory Vaccination922 Words   |  4 Pagesvaccines, agreement on protecting another’s life is not universal; therefore we must further justify a policy of mandatory vaccination. Further justification for mandatory vaccinations is logically discerned by reading John Stuart Mill’s and Arthur Okun’s views on rights. In On Liberty, Mill articulates that the only form of acceptable coercion is through the â€Å"harm principle† or â€Å"other regarding.† This translates as no one can or should want to harm their neighbor; therefore, society can willingly acceptRead More The Fight for Human Rights Essay3126 Words   |  13 Pagespertinent in the real world, as today African-Americans and Muslim-Americans have their rights violated regularly in the name of security. Thankfully, we have more than a Hollywood protagonist to fight for the protection of rights. John Stuart Mill, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls provide a philosophic framework for evaluating the security-for-rights compromise. Though their respective theories vary greatly in theory and in practice, they provide models to condemn this exchange. Nevertheless, each differsRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Liberalism1956 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences and Similarities of Liberalism The purpose of this paper is to treat the similarly and differences of liberalism. I will use John Locke and Adam Smith to represent classical liberals. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes will be used to show contemporary liberals. John Locke In John Lockes Second Treatise of Government he develops a theory of government as a product of a social contract, which when broken justifies the creation of a new government for the protection of lifeRead MoreLiberal Ideas Of Equality And The Right Of Law1591 Words   |  7 Pagesand personal liberty, equality and rule of law and property and the free market principle, drawing heavily from work by John Locke. Next, Locke’s work will be discussed to show how the development of liberal ideals from Thomas Hobbes. Lastly, substantive equality will be contrasted to explain how upper class interests are expressed and favoured in classical liberal thought. John Locke (cited in Ten 1986, p. 95) explained in Essays on the Law of Nature that while both humans and animals are creations

Spondylolisthesis Essay Research Paper UNDER THE KNIFE free essay sample

Spondylolisthesis Essay, Research Paper UNDER THE KNIFE OF SPONDYLOLISTHESIS Imagine you are sitting in a physician s office waiting for a study on your status. Your symptoms are hurting that spreads across your lower dorsum that doesn T travel off, cramps that stiffen the dorsum and fasten the hamstrings, and numbness in the lower appendages. Upon scrutiny and after X raies, the physician sits down in the room and tells you of a status you have called spondylolisthesis. Spondylolisthesis # 8230 ; .. ? ? ? What is that # 8230 ; .. ? ? ? Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra on the vertebrae beneath it. This forward slippage can be the consequence of many causes and is classified based on the ground for the faux pas ( American Academy for Orthopaedic Surgeons, p 1 ) . Most instances of the disease occur in the low lumbar spinal column with the most common spinal degrees being either L5-S1 or L4-L5. Depending on the cause of the disease, it can be classified as one of six different types. The types are inborn, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, pathological, and post-surgical. When faced with spondylolisthesis the inquiry of how to cover with the status arises. The options to handle the status are little in figure. One can either take conservative intervention or a more extremist determination of surgery. Here our contention arises: to hold surgery or to take another path. This is a much more hard determination than it may look due to the fact that most of the paths come to a dead terminal. Conservative interventions merely alleviate the symptoms ; they do non rectify the slippage. We should now travel on to the different types of spondylolisthesis, their symptoms, and their interventions. CONGENITAL This signifier of spondylolisthesis is caused by an abnormalcy of the castanetss of the spinal column. An person is born with an abnormalcy of the arch in dorsum of the spinal column. This abnormalcy most commonly occurs at the L5-S1 degrees of the spinal column and normally includes the articulations that connect one vertebra to another at the dorsum of the spinal column. These articulations are called facet articulations ( Ullrich, p 1 ) . Due to the nature of the castanetss, the normal ability of the spinal column to maintain proper alliance is lost as vertebral organic structure of L5 slips frontward on S1. As diagnostic engineering has improved ( MRI s and CT Scans ) this one time thought rare happening is going identified more and more with each new promotion in the field. Two orthopaedic governments, Winter A ; Moe, cite a per centum of 14-21 % of all instances of spondylolisthesis are caused by an unnatural bone formation known as dysplasia. In most patients, this becomes ap parent in the adolescent old ages. Normally the patient the patient has or has had a history of hyperextension activities. The most common include gymnastic exercises, association football, football lineman, diving, weight lifting, and volleyball. Most striplings with spondylolisthesis are symptomless ( without symptoms ) and unpainful. However, the most common cause for back hurting in striplings is spondylolysis and listhesis ( Ullrich, p 1 ) . Back hurting is the most common ailment, but leg hurting ( or sciatica ) is besides really common. A patient with leg hurting may hold impaired ability to raise the pes and large toe due to steel root encroachment. A patient may walk with a foot bead but this happening is a rare 1. If the faux pas has occurred at a different degree in the spinal column, a different form of hurting, numbness, and failing will happen. A thorough scrutiny with X raies will uncover different findings depending on the badness of the faux pas. Most kids with this signifier of spondylolisthesis most normally have tight hamstrings. Other findings will depend on the sum of slippage and are best founded by a qualified doctor. As there are different interventions for this we will travel over each one individually. The first line of intervention includes: 1 ) remainder, activity alteration, and anti-inflammatories. Patients, who may be involved in hyperextension activities, should stop any of those activities. In add-on, exercisings such as hamstring stretching should be introduced to alleviate musculus cramp and supply hurting alleviation. Physical Therapy for abdominal strengthening should be involved to assist stabilise the nomadic junction for secondary support. Even though some low-grade faux pas instances may better with these conservative steps the job still remains unsolved. Although these few may experience improved, these conservative steps will non alter the position of the faux pas. 2 ) Another intervention is through poising. A brace can be used with patients who have an acute status, important hurting, or those who haven t shown betterment through other steps. The brace can either be a thoraco lumbar sacral orthosis or can include a thigh turnup. The device limits the gesture in the country of hurt. It allows the tissues to mend without excess redness while increasing hurting alleviation. The thigh turnup reduces lumbosacral gesture when locked by immobilising the pelvic girdle. 3 ) A degree Celsius ast can go the following degree of intervention ; it includes the organic structure and one or both legs. It is successful in immobilising the constructions around the injured country and thereby provides greater support. 4 ) Surgery is the last pick in the intervention procedure. In-patients with faux pass from 0-50 % , merger of the one degree involved is normally undertaken. Fusion is the adhering together of two or more castanetss to do one bone. In higher-grade faux pass, two degrees normally are required for merger ( Ullrich, p 1 ) . Surgery of this nature requires a hospital stay of 2-4 yearss followed by a rehabilitation plan after which the patient will return to normal map within 6-9 months. Success rate of this surgery rank at 97 % . The patient farther benefits from the facet of surgery by holding the status wholly eliminated instead than merely covering with the symptoms. ISTHMIC Isthmic spondylolisthesis is caused by a defect in a portion of the bone called the pars interarticularis. The pars bone connects the upper articulation of one vertebra to the lower articulation ( Ullrich, p 2 ) . Due to this pars defect, the vertebrae are allowed to steal frontward out of its alliance. This normally occurs with L5 stealing over S1. Isthmic spondylolisthesis is normally caused by a stress break of the pars. This status can be painful in itself even without the slippage. This break is thought to happen due to insistent emphasis through the pars. The type of emphasis occurs when one bends backwards. Normally the patient is born with some minor abnormalcy of the pars, which can lend to the episode of the break. The symptoms and intervention of isthmic spondylolisthesis is the same as the inborn signifier. DEGENERATIVE This signifier of spondylolisthesis is a forward slippage due to arthritis of the spinal column. Stenosis ( a narrowing of the canals, which carry the spinal nervousnesss ) is extremely associated with this type. The cause in which the vertebrae slips is as follows: foremost, as the phonograph record in forepart of the spinal column ages it loses H2O and loses some of its ability to defy gesture. As a consequence, the articulations addition in size and develop excess soft tissue and bone to counterbalance. The tissue and bone so impinges on the nervus roots and really weaken the articulations in the dorsum of the spinal column. This causes the slippage. Due to all the constructions and articulations in the dorsum of the spinal column being integral and no preexistent dysplasia, the sum of slippage is limited by the bony restraints. The most common part for this type is L4-L5 part. The ground being, L5-S1 has secondary restraints maintaining slippage at lower limit. Symptoms that exis t are once more low back hurting and jobs with numbness in the lower appendages. Conservative steps of intervention consist of: activity limitations, medicines, injections, brace, or physical therapy. All of these conservative steps may do the patient feel better, but it is merely dissembling a job that can non be fixed through this intervention. The 2nd option is surgery to rectify the slippage through merger of the two vertebrae together. Surgery, as above, corrects the alliance of the slippage thereby alleviating all symptoms and reconstructing map without limitation. TRAUMATIC Traumatic spondylolisthesis is a faux pas of a vertebrae caused by a break in the spinal column, normally at a facet articulation. This type presents with the same symptoms of all types above every bit good as intervention. PATHOLOGICAL This type is caused by devastation of the posterior facet of the spinal column through either a tumour or infection or unnatural bone such as in osteoporosis. The break of the bone allows the slippage ( Ullrich, p 2 ) . This is rare type that may affect chemotherapy and other medical intercessions. POST-SURGICAL This signifier of spondylolisthesis is the rarest of all types due to such a high success rate in all surgeries performed. This job merely occurs in 3 % of all surgeries including malpractice. In this instance the surgery does non execute as it should and the patient must hold the job solved in another mode. In decision, although most patients fear traveling under the knife, the result is normally a successful 1. A patient must take into consideration all options and discourse them with their medical physician before doing any determinations. However, from reappraisal of the information in this study, surgery may be the best option for a big portion of the population with this disease. When you consider the thought that one can return to normal map after surgery, why non take the dip? Caution must be taken when doing any sort of medical determination in a headlong mode. There are ever options to be considered since all instances a different. Spondylolisthesis can be a devastating and life altering disease if non handled in a proper mode. However, with careful intervention and a dedicated patient, one can return to degrees of old map.

Structure V Agency Essay Example

Structure V Agency Essay Which of the key debates covered in weeks 1-4 is the most significant for sociology? Explain your answer with reference to at least one sociological topic. The Structure v Agency debate has been one of the most contentious within the sociological world. The argument comprises of whether structure (social systems) or Agency (our own individualistic nature) determine our paths in quotidian life. Giddens takes the following stance Society only has form, and that form only has effects on people, in so far as structure is produced and reproduced in what people do. This essay critically evaluates this controversial dualistic argument, in an attempt to establish why it is so significant for sociology. Giddens is also in favour of Agency coining the theory of ‘structuration’ claiming that â€Å"our activities both structure our social world and at the same time are structured by them† (Giddens, 2006:8). This means that people living within a societal structure are partly predisposed to oblige with its various cultural norms, values and rules. However, our individualistic nature shapes and defines this very structure. The structure’s rules are by no means permanent and evolve with time. This doesnt sound unreasonable until you consider just how detrimental little or no agency can be on a person. Restrictions are placed upon us from birth by parents hoping to mould their child into one that conforms to cultural norms and values. These are imposed on us through various actions and behaviors such as gender specific toys and the way both genders are treated. Boys are more likely to be told to hide pain while girls are considered more delicate. Society dictates that there is a cultural life path that you must follow in order to be accepted. Certain aspects of life are pre-planned by those in authority such as your parents or government institutions. Wright-Mills (1959) observes the institution of marriage, stating that â€Å"inside a marriage a man and a woman may experience personal troubles, but when the divorce rate during the first four years of marriage is 250 out of every 1,000 attempts, this is an indication of a structural issue having to do with the institutions of marriage and the family and other institutions that bear upon them. This observation is a strong indicator that suggests the reasons people get married is due to cultural pressures forcing a long term commitment to a partner that some individuals may not be prepared for. Another issue that can be derived from structure is suicide which is often regarded as a personal choice and anti-social. Statistical studies have concluded that suicide rates correlate annually, particularly at christmas. It can be argued that some people may feel alienated and segregated from the rest of society during festive periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Structure V Agency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Structure V Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Structure V Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Durkhiem describes suicide as; â€Å"If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. The latter depends on social conditions. † Durkhiem claims that suicide rates are higher in certain religious countries; for example catholicism is regarded as a more family orientated religion when compared with protestantism and the suicide rates reflect this. Suicide rates are lower when people are more integrated within the family structure. Being part of a loving happy family is deemed an important positive aspiration that is considered paramount within society. Religious beliefs are a transparent product of structure. Children are born into religious families whereby the process of indoctrination is immediately exercised through primary and secondary socialisation. It can be argued that as children move into adolescence they grow a deeper sense of agency and often start to reject or change the ideals bestowed upon them as a child through other doctrines such as atheism and agnosticism or branch towards different religious reformations such as Calvinism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism. There have been an estimated 2000 deities spanning many religions over the course of humanity which suggests that although children are indoctrinated early through societal structure their own modalities provide leverage that enables them to reshape their pre-existing ideologies through agency. Indoctrination is a serious issue in todays societies as over the course of history children that have been raised under this guise have gone onto commit acts of martyrdom through such causes as the crusades and in more recent times extremists sects of society particularly in the middle east. een in the 9/11 plane hijacks and 7/7 bombings. Hitchens (date) provides the following thoughts on religious upbringing â€Å"mass indoctrination of uneducated young men with such ideas is in itself a lethal danger to society and to international order. † Many sociologists query as to why religion seems to have dominated society over the past 4000 years. Marxist views may explain why structure has had such a persistent influence within capitalist societies as it can be argued that it provides the bourgeoisie with a dominant tool of mass exploitation of the proletariat both culturally and materially. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed culture, the heart of a heartless world just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people† (Marx). The proletariat put up with suffering on earth through various hardships such as work and poverty because of the promise of eternal reward in the afterlife. Understanding this debate is crucial for sociology because it’s members are so heavily integrated within society that they often cannot see these social barriers blocking their mobility. The working classes continue under a facade of agency while rendering the upper classes invisible and unquestioned. In conclusion, this essay has evaluated key points between structure and agency giving examples through such topics as religion, marriage, gender and suicide. It can be argued that Structure and Agency exist interdependently and that two ideologies are so delicately interconnected that to say one of them purely determines how people live their lives is one of much contention. It is important to agree however that in our society many inherent rules and restrictions have become archaic and are inimical to our interests if we want to progress towards a more desirable society. This is why the debate is so important for sociology as it allows us to further understand the inner workings of society and provide us with the tools to eventually build, reform and improve on existing foundations. Reference List: Giddens, A. , Pierson, C. 1998:77. ‘Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity’ in Gauntlett, D. Media Gender and Identity, 2nd edition (London: Routledge) Giddens, A. 1973. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge University Press. Hitchens, C. 2011. The Enemy. Amazon. [e-book] available at www. amazon. com. Wright Mills, C. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press Durkhiem, E. (1997) [1951]. Suicide  : A Study In Sociology. The Free Press. Marx, K. 1943 [1970]. Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right. Edited by Joseph O’Malley. Cambridge University Press.